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INTRODUCTION: Cephalometry has many limitations of which radiation exposure is most important. Hence, there is a need to resort to other safer methods which could give equal if not better results. AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare and correlate the craniofacial measurements obtained from cephalometric radiographs and analogous measurements from standardized facial profile photographs in skeletal class II cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 lateral cephalograms and profile photographs of patients exhibiting skeletal class II malocclusion, in the age group of 19-25 years of age, were examined in this study using Dolphin software (version 11.8). A standardized protocol was followed for all the lateral cephalograms and photographs. A total of 15 parameters were studied in this study out of which seven were angular and eight were linear parameters. Angular parameters included Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle (FMA), Mandibular Plane-Occlusal Plane (MP-OP) angle, Occlusal Plane (OP) angle, gonial angle, ANB angle, facial angle and convexity whereas linear parameters included Anterior Facial Height (AFH), Ramal height, Posterior Facial Height: Anterior Facial Height (PFH/ AFH), convexity (in mm), Nasion perpendicular- Point A, Nasion perpendicular- Pogonion, Witts and Mandibular body length. All these parameters were digitised on both the cephalogram and photographs and were compared using one sample-2 tailed t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient. Bland-Altman Plot was considered to find comparison between the measurements from photographs and cephalograms in skeletal class II patients. RESULTS: On comparing the angular cephalometric and photographic variables for the skeletal class II subjects we found the cephalometric parameters like FMA, MP-OP angle, OP, gonial angle, convexity (in degrees) to have an insignificant difference compared to the analogous photographic measurements. On comparing the linear cephalometric and photographic variables, it was found that all the cephalometric parameters like AFH, ramal height, PFH/AFH, N perp-Point A, N perp-Poghad a good relationship with the analogous photographic measurements. CONCLUSION: The photographic method can be considered as a repeatable and reproducible method if a homogeneous protocol is followed. Thus, photographic measurements may reflect to be a rational and practical diagnostic substitute to measurements obtained from cephalograms in Class II malocclusion subjects.
RESUMO
Tobacco use among the adolescents in india is believed to be on an increase. Therefore, a systematic review was carried out to summarize these studies. Several electronic databases were searched, supplemented by screening reference lists, smoking-related websites, and contacting experts. Selection, extraction, and quality assessments were carried out by one or two independent reviewers. The focus was on studies conducted on the school-going children in india and discussed in a global perspective. A narrative review was carried out. Many of the studies lacked sufficient power to estimate precise risks associated with the study subjects, as it mainly involved questionnaire studies. Studies were often designed to investigate tobacco use, but many had major methodological limitations including poor control and imprecise measurements of exposure. Studies in india showed a high risk of major health-related illness and several forms of cancers such as oro-pharyngeal cancers associated with the chewing form of tobacco. Studies from other regions and of other cancer types were not consistent. Tobacco use is increasing among the adolescents and has become an persistent issue that is usually carried over to their adulthood. In india, there is a stringent need for awareness creating oral health education programs in the school and college premises.
